The Effectiveness of Facial Recognition as a Tool for Criminal Investigation Within the Framework of Artificial Intelligence Technologies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61279/sbewzv03Keywords:
Criminal investigation, facial recognition, artificial intelligence, digital evidenceAbstract
This research aims to highlight the role of facial recognition as a modern application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in criminal investigations, and its impact on enhancing justice and community security. Facial recognition technology is an advanced tool that relies on AI algorithms to analyze and identify individuals through unique facial features. It has become an effective tool in detecting crimes, identifying suspects, and identifying victims.
The research examines the technical principles underlying facial recognition, such as facial biometric analysis and deep learning. It also reviews its practical uses in crime scenes, security surveillance, and airports, as well as its role in supporting digital evidence.
The research also discusses the ethical and legal challenges associated with the use of this technology, including privacy, accuracy, and the potential for algorithmic bias. It emphasizes the importance of establishing regulatory and legislative frameworks that ensure the responsible use of facial recognition technology, particularly in criminal investigations that require high levels of accuracy and reliability. The study concludes that facial recognition represents a qualitative shift in criminal investigation mechanisms, provided it is used within explicit legal controls and under institutional oversight, ensuring the protection of individual rights and freedoms on the one hand, and the achievement of justice on the other.
Downloads
References
أولاً- الكتب العربيَّة:
د. براء منذر كمال عبد اللطيف، شرح قانون أصول المُحاكمات الجزائيَّة، الطبعة الثانية، دار ابن الأثير للطِّباعة والنَّشر، 2010.
د. حسني محمود عبد الدايم، البصمة الوراثيَّة ومدى حجِّيَّتها في الإثبات، دار الفكر الجامعي، الإسكندريَّة، الطبعة الأولى، 2021.
عبد الله محمد اليوسف، علم البصمات وتحقيق الشخصيَّة، الطبعة الأولى، دار جامعة نايف للنشر، الرياض، 2012.
ثانيًا- الرسائل العلميَّة:
د. ياسر كامل السيد، تطوير صحيفة الحالة الجنائيَّة - دراسة مُقارنة، رسالة دكتوراه، كليَّة الدِّراسات العليا، أكاديميَّة الشرطة، 2013.
ثالثًا- الأبحاث والدوريَّات:
حسين مخلص محمود، حجيَّة الوسائل الإلكترونيَّة في الإثبات الجنائيِّ، بصمة الصوت والصورة، مجلة الفنون والأدب وعلوم الإنسانيَّات والاجتماع، كليَّة الإمارات للعلوم التربويَّة، العدد 40، 2019.
د. عامرة استقلال بدران، استخدام الشبكات العصبيَّة الاصطناعيَّة في التعرُّف على شخصٍ من خلال صورة الوجه، المجلة العراقيَّة للعلوم الإحصائيَّة، العدد 23، 2013.
د. فريدون محمَّد نجيب، وصف جريمة النشل بالمُؤشِّرات، بحوث ودراسات شرطيَّة، مركز اتِّخاذ القرار، يوليو 2016.
د. قصي علي عباس، حجيَّة الدليل الإلكترونيِّ في الإثبات الجنائيِّ، مجلة كليَّة القانون والعلوم السِّياسيَّة في الجامعة العراقيَّة، العدد 26، 2024.
كرار غانم بستان، نطاقُ الدليل الإلكترونيِّ في الإثبات الجنائيِّ، مجلة كليَّة القانون والعلوم السِّياسيَّة في الجامعة العراقيَّة، العدد 4-73، 2025.
محمَّد خميس العثماني، تقنيَّة التعرُّف إلى الوجه ومُكافحة الجريمة في المطارات العربيَّة، ورقة تحليل سياسات أمنيَّة، جامعة نايف العربيَّة للعلوم الأمنيَّة، العدد الأول، 2021.
رابعًا- مصادر الإنترنت:
www.alsabaah.iq.com
www.alwahdanews.ae.com
www.ina.iq.com
www.noonpost.com
www.uomus.edu.iq.com
خامسًا- المصادر الأجنبيَّة:
1) Bias in the Algorithm: Issues Raised Due to Use of Facial Recognition Technology in Policing in India.” Journal of Digital Ethics, vol. 2, no. 1, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1177/24551333241283992.
2) Bischoff, Paul. “Facial Recognition Technology (FRT): Which Countries Use It?” Comparitech, 24 Oct. 2024:
www.comparitech.com/blog/vpn-privacy/facial-recognition-statistics.
3) Burt, Chris. “Thales Helping Iraq Build Biometric Data Center, Integrate ID and Forensic Systems.” Security Today, 15 Apr. 2025:
www.securitytoday.in/thales-helping-iraq-build-biometric-data-center-integrate-id-and-forensic-systems.
4) Caldwell: (M.) Andrews: (J.T.) Tanay: (T.) & Griffin: (L.D.), AI-enabled future crime. Crime Science, 9(1), 2020.
5) Custers: (B.), AI in Criminal Law: an overview of AI applications in substantive and procedural Criminal Law and artificial intelligence: regulating AI and applying AI in legal practice, 2022.
6) Du: (X.) Hargreaves: (C.) Sheppard: (J.) Anda: (F.) Sayakkara: (A.) Le-Khac: (N.A.) & Scanlon: (M.), SoK: Exploring the state of the art and the future potential of artificial intelligence in digital forensic investigation. In Proceedings of the 15th international conference on availability, reliability and security, 2020, August.
7) Dunsin: (D.) Ghanem: (M.C.) Ouazzane: (K.) & Vassilev: (V.), A comprehensive analysis of the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in modern digital forensics and incident response. Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation, 2024, 48, 301675.
8) Elkhalik: (W.A.), AI-Driven Smart Homes: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Intelligent Systems & Internet of Things, 8(2), 2023.
9) European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. Facial Recognition Technology: Fundamental Rights Considerations in the Context of Law Enforcement. FRA Focus. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2019: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/95cbdd4c-3d8d-11ea-ba6e-01aa75ed71a1.
10) Galante: (N.) Cotroneo: (R.) Furci: (D.) Lodetti: (G.) & Casali: (M.B.), Applications of artificial intelligence in forensic sciences: C urrent potential benefits, limitations and perspectives. International journal of legal medicine, 137(2), 2023.
11) Human Rights Watch (HRW). "Facial Recognition: Balancing Security and Privacy." HRW Reports. 2020.
12) Infinite Technology. “Biometric Identification – Solution for Iraq’ se Passport System.” Infinite Technology, no date:
https://infinite-tek.com/Solutions/BiometricIdentification. Accessed 25 July 2025.
13) Kerr, Orin S “Searches and Seizures in a Digital World.” Harvard Law Review. 2005. 119, no. 2: 531–585
14) Lubna, Naveed Mufti, and Syed Afaq Ali Shah. “Automatic Number Plate Recognition: A Detailed Survey of Relevant Algorithms.” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 9, Apr. 2021, Article 3028:
doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093028.
15) Ozaki, Aimi. “Governance Framework for Facial Recognition Systems in Japan.” Human-Centric Computing in a Data-Driven Society, edited by David Kreps, Taro Komukai, T. V. Gopal, and Kaori Ishii, vol. 590, Springer, Cham, 2020:
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62803-1_5.
16) Parkhi, Omkar (M.): Andrea Vedaldi, and Andrew Zisserman. Deep Face Recognition. British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC), 2015: https://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/publications/2015/Parkhi15.
17) Qiang: (X.), The road to digital unfreedom: President Xi's surveillance state, Journal of Democracy, 30(1), 2019.
18) Robles, Pedro, et al. “Global Perspectives on Regulating Facial Recognition Technology Utilization for Criminal Justice Arrests.” Global Public Policy and Governance, vol. 5, no. 2, June 2025, Springer Nature: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43508-025-00117-9.
19) Ross, Sergey, Dmitrii Serebrennikov, Eleonora Minaeva, and Vladislav Netyaev. “Surveillance Technologies in Autocratic Regimes: The Moscow AI Experiment and Its Implications for Crime Control and Police Effectiveness.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 9 Apr. 2024, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4789135.
20) Simmler, Monika, and Giulia Canova. “Facial Recognition Technology in Law Enforcement: Regulating Data Analysis of Another Kind.” Computer Law & Security Review, vol. 56, Apr. 2025, Article 106092. Elsevier:doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.106092.
21) Wang, Lulu. “Face Recognition in Law Enforcement: A Comparative Analysis of China and the United States.” Open Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 9, no. 10, Oct. 2021.
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
Any data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Law and Political Science College
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
